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Accept Decline
5 minutes to read by  Philippe Langham Feb 17, 2025

Après une période de contre-performance, les actions des marchés émergents (ME) ont commencé à surpasser les actions des marchés développés (MD). Phil Langham se demande si cette amélioration est durable et quels en sont les principaux catalyseurs.

Principaux points à retenir

  • Les actions des ME demeurent sous-pondérées et sous-évaluées ; nous prévoyons une période de volatilité dans la foulée des élections américaines.

  • Toutefois, nous sommes optimistes quant aux perspectives de rendement absolu et relatif des actions des ME pour la prochaine année.

  • Au cours des dernières années, de nombreux facteurs ont été à l’origine de la contre-performance des actions des ME par rapport à celles des MD, mais nous croyons que sommes maintenant à un tournant.

  • Vous trouverez ci-dessous les principaux facteurs favorables pour la catégorie d’actifs. Malgré ces bonnes perspectives, les actions des ME n’ont jamais été aussi peu chères par rapport à celles des MD.

Dépréciation du dollar américain : Il existe une relation négative entre le rendement du dollar américain et celui des actions des ME. À la suite des élections aux États-Unis, le dollar américain s’est raffermi, mais nous croyons que cette appréciation sera de courte durée. Plusieurs facteurs appuient sa dépréciation future. Plus précisément, soulignons le fléchissement de la croissance économique et la baisse des taux aux États-Unis, ainsi que les deux grands déficits du pays. Les valorisations sont également attrayantes, puisque le dollar américain semble surévalué par rapport à ses propres antécédents, à d’autres devises et aux données fondamentales de l’économie américaine. Parallèlement, les devises des ME se sont montrées résilientes au cours des dernières années, et nous croyons que cette amélioration du rendement peut se poursuivre, compte tenu des soldes budgétaires et des balances commerciales solides de nombreux ME.

Le rendement de la Chine s’améliore : Deuxièmement, la Chine, fortement pondérée au sein des indices de référence des actions des ME, a commencé à se redresser après plusieurs années de faiblesse. Malgré la récente reprise des actions chinoises, le positionnement des investisseurs et les valorisations boursières demeurent à des creux extrêmes. En outre, les épisodes antérieurs laissent croire que le marché pourrait connaître d’autres hausses. Les trois principaux rebonds alimentés par des mesures de relance depuis le lancement de l’indice CSI 300 de la Chine continentale en 2005 ont entraîné des gains de plus de 50 % à 100 % du creux au sommet1.

Perspectives de croissance favorables pour les pays émergents : La croissance économique des ME est de plus en plus étendue et moins dépendante de la Chine. À long terme, il existe une forte corrélation entre la croissance relative du produit intérieur brut (PIB) et le rendement relatif du marché boursier des ME et des MD. Après une période de resserrement, l’écart de croissance entre les ME et les MD a commencé à s’élargir et devrait se creuser davantage en 2025, grâce à la vigueur de la croissance économique dans de nombreux pays émergents et au ralentissement de la croissance aux États-Unis. Au cours des prochaines années, les pays émergents devraient représenter 70 % de la croissance du PIB mondial2.

Amélioration de la croissance des bénéfices des sociétés des ME : Des vents favorables soufflent aussi sur la croissance des bénéfices et constituent un autre facteur important du rendement relatif des actions des ME et des MD. Au cours des dernières années, la croissance du bénéfice par action (BPA) a été globalement plus faible dans les ME que dans les MD. Le vent est cependant en train de tourner. Les actions des ME devraient connaître une croissance du BPA plus élevée que celles des MD en 2024 et en 2025, ce qui devrait favoriser l’appréciation des actions.

Les données fondamentales des pays émergents sont robustes : Les données fondamentales des ME se sont considérablement améliorées au cours des dernières années, grâce à des réformes économiques et à des politiques budgétaires et monétaires prudentes dans de nombreux pays. Il en résulte une situation budgétaire et un compte courant plus solides que par le passé et comparativement aux pays développés. Particulièrement, le déficit du compte courant américain avoisine son pire niveau par rapport aux ME depuis les deux dernières décennies, tandis que la situation budgétaire des États-Unis est aussi moins bonne que celle des ME. Par conséquent, il y a eu une baisse structurelle des taux directeurs dans les ME et, pour la première fois de l’histoire, une pleine convergence avec les taux des MD. Cette situation est de bon augure pour les ME dans une ère de détente monétaire, compte tenu des taux réels élevés et de l’inflation contenue.

La catégorie d’actifs devient de plus en plus attrayante : L’univers des actions des ME devient de plus en plus attrayant, les pays y étant de plus en plus diversifiés et les actions, moins cycliques. La pondération des secteurs de croissance structurelle gagne en importance, notamment la consommation, la technologie et les infrastructures vertes, qui offrent un choix beaucoup plus vaste qu’auparavant de sociétés de grande qualité. Malgré cela, les valorisations de la catégorie d’actifs figurent parmi les plus basses de l’histoire par rapport aux actions des MD.

1 Gavekal Dragonomics, Bloomberg, septembre 2024.
2 RBC GMA, Perspectives économiques mondiales du FMI, Macrobond, octobre 2024. Selon les prévisions du FMI pour la période allant de 2024 à 2029.

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