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{{ formattedDuration }} to watch by  D.Fijalkowski, CFA, D.Mitchell, CFA Sep 20, 2024

Dagmara Fijalkowski, cheffe, Titres mondiaux à revenu fixe et devises, parle de son point de vue sur les banques centrales et les baisses de taux d’intérêt. De plus, Dan Mitchell, premier gestionnaire de portefeuille, examine les raisons de la hausse du yen.

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View transcript

Dagmara Fijalkowski: Que pensez-vous des banques centrales et des baisses de taux d’intérêt ?

Au moment où vous regarderez cette vidéo, la Fed aura, comme d’autres banques centrales, réduit ses taux d’intérêt. Les banques centrales avaient commencé à relever les taux en 2022 pour tenter de ralentir l’inflation et la faire descendre de son sommet de 9 % sans nécessairement plonger l’économie en récession. La lutte aura duré plus de deux ans, mais les gouverneurs de la Fed doivent à présent être satisfaits des résultats obtenus.

Jusqu’à présent, tout va bien. Reste maintenant à savoir à quel rythme se fera la baisse des taux fédéraux. Selon le graphique à points de juillet qui illustre les projections économiques des gouverneurs de la Fed, la prévision médiane fait état d’une baisse des taux cette année, et de deux baisses pour les gouverneurs les plus conciliants. Le marché a, quant à lui, anticipé jusqu’à cinq baisses de taux d’ici la fin de l’année. L’on note une grande divergence entre les prévisions du marché et celles de la Fed et penser que les marchés anticipent trop de baisses.

Je préfère penser cependant que le marché évalue deux scénarios très différents. La Fed espérait que l’économie effectuerait un atterrissage en douceur dans un contexte où l’inflation ralentirait et la croissance se maintiendrait. Cela justifierait deux, voire trois, baisses des taux des fonds fédéraux d’ici la fin de l’année, et des réductions progressives par la suite. Dans le scénario de rechange d’une récession, en tenant compte de la forte progression continue du taux de chômage, du repli prononcé de la croissance, l’on s’attendrait à ce que la Fed réduise rapidement et de façon marquée ses taux au cours de la prochaine année. Le marché a pondéré les deux scénarios et a fini par anticiper un nombre peu probable de quatre à cinq baisses de taux d’ici la fin de l’année.

Les obligations se sont donc redressées sur l’ensemble de la courbe de rendement, les taux à court terme diminuant plus que ceux à long terme, entraînant l’accentuation tant attendue de la courbe de rendement. Les goulets d’étranglement de l’économie que nous surveillons s’aligneront davantage sur le scénario d’un atterrissage en douceur. À court terme, nous estimons donc que la reprise des obligations a été exagérée et qu’une position neutre en termes de duration est justifiée.

Dan Mitchell: Quels sont les facteurs à l’origine de la hausse du yen ?

Le principal moteur des marchés des changes cet été a été le yen. La devise a progressé de 13 % depuis le début du mois de juillet et s’approche actuellement de ses plus hauts niveaux de 2024. Cette évolution a été très douloureuse pour les cambistes du monde entier, qui ont établi des positions vendeur sur le yen afin de tirer parti de la différence entre des taux d’intérêt proches de zéro au Japon et des taux beaucoup plus élevés dans le reste du monde.

Ainsi, dans un marché des changes par ailleurs calme, nous avons constaté que ce mouvement du yen a vraiment secoué les cambistes qui s’étaient habitués à ces fourchettes très étroites sur les marchés des changes. Nous les avons donc vus réduire leurs positions perdantes sur le yen. La hausse du yen s’explique par trois raisons. Tout d’abord, les données sur l’économie américaine sont moins bonnes, ce qui a réellement relancé les attentes de réduction des taux d’intérêt de la Fed.

Ce contexte a miné le dollar américain et a conduit à une sorte de sous-performance générale de cette monnaie par rapport à un éventail de devises des marchés émergents et des marchés développés. Deuxièmement, le ministère des finances japonais est intervenu sur les marchés des changes. Ses achats se sont établis à environ 37 milliards de yens. Et en fin de compte, cette intervention a suffi pour en quelque sorte contrer la vague de pessimisme.

Troisièmement, la Banque du Japon a relevé ses taux d’intérêt. Elle a enfin abandonné sa politique de taux d’intérêt négatifs et a porté ses taux directeurs à des niveaux que nous n’avions pas vus depuis la période précédant la crise financière de 2008. Mais même après cette hausse de 13 %, nous constatons que le yen est encore très sous-évalué. En fait, c’est la monnaie la moins chère au monde.

Nous nous attendons donc à ce qu’elle continue d’augmenter et à ce qu’elle exerce une influence majeure sur la dépréciation générale du dollar américain que nous prévoyons. Dans l’ensemble, nous pensons que le dollar américain chutera considérablement au cours des deux prochaines années. Nous pensons que l’euro et le yen seront les principaux bénéficiaires de cette baisse. Le dollar canadien devrait accuser un léger retard et n’offrir que des rendements de 5 à 6 % au cours de l’année à venir. 

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